Update 28: September 17 , 2003-8
Copyright © 2003 Earth Policy Institute
WORLD FACING FOURTH CONSECUTIVE GRAIN HARVEST
SHORTFALL: Wheat and Rice Prices Moving Up
This year's world grain harvest is falling short
of consumption by 93 million tons, dropping world grain stocks to the
lowest level in 30 years. As rising temperatures and falling water tables
hamstring farmers' efforts to expand production, prices of wheat and rice
are turning upward.
For the first time, the grain harvest has fallen short of consumption
four years in a row. In 2000, the shortfall was a modest 16 million tons;
in 2001 it was 27 million tons; and in 2002 a record-smashing 96 million
tons. In its September 11 crop report, the U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA) reported that this year's shrunken harvest of only 1,818 million
tons is falling short of estimated consumption of 1,911 million tons by
a near-record 93 million tons. (See data.)
Agricultural leaders are now looking to next year's crop with fingers
crossed. If 2004 brings another large shortfall comparable to this year
or last year, there could be chaos in world grain markets by this time
next year as more than 100 grain-importing countries scramble for scarce
exportable supplies.
Higher temperatures are thwarting farmers' efforts to expand food production.
The earth's average temperature has been rising since the late 1970s,
with the three warmest years on record coming in the last five years.
As temperatures continue to rise, crop yields start to fall.
Last year India and the United States suffered sharp harvest reductions
because of record temperatures and drought. This year Europe bore the
brunt of higher temperatures. Record heat in late summer scorched harvests
from the United Kingdom and France in the west through Ukraine in the
east. Bread prices are rising in several countries in the region.
After several years of seeing crops withered by heat, scientists are now
beginning to focus on the precise effect of temperature on crop yields.
New research from crop ecologists at the International Rice Research Institute
and the USDA's Agriculture Research Service shows an emerging consensus
that a 1-degree Celsius rise in temperature (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit) above
the optimum during the growing season leads to a 10-percent decline in
grain yields.
How much will the earth's temperature rise? The Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change (IPCC)—with
some 1,500 of the world's leading climate scientists—is
projecting a rise of 1.4-5.8 degrees Celsius (2.5-10.4 degrees Fahrenheit)
during this century if carbon emissions continue to increase. Farmers
on the land now are facing the prospect of higher temperatures than those
faced by any generation of farmers since agriculture began.
Although the IPCC projections are presented as global averages, the rise
in temperature will be geographically uneven. Temperature rise is projected
to be much greater over land than over the sea, in higher latitudes than
in equatorial regions, and in the interior of continents than in coastal
regions. The higher latitudes and continental interiors where the projected
temperature rise is to be greatest neatly defines the North American breadbasket—the
wheat-growing Great Plains of the United States and Canada and the U.S.
Corn Belt.
This generation of farmers is also the first to face widespread aquifer
depletion due in part to the use of powerful diesel and electric pumps
that have become widely available only in the last few decades. Prospects
for the big three grain producers—China,
India, and the United States, which account for nearly half of the world's
grain harvest—show
the potential consequences of future water shortages.
Under the North China Plain, which produces half of China's wheat and
a third of its corn, water tables are falling up to 3 meters per year.
A World Bank assessment of China's water situation says, "Anecdotal evidence
suggests that deep wells [drilled] around Beijing now have to reach 1,000
meters [more than half a mile] to tap fresh water, adding dramatically
to the cost of supply." In unusually strong language for a Bank report,
it foresees "catastrophic consequences for future generations" unless
water use and supply can quickly be brought back into balance.
In India, water tables are falling throughout most of the country. As
a result, thousands of wells are going dry each year. The USDA reports
that water tables have dropped by more than 100 feet (30 meters) in parts
of Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. Water supplies are even tighter in California.
Overpumping for irrigation is a way of satisfying the growing demand for
food today that almost guarantees a future drop in food production when
the aquifer is depleted. For a few countries, the day of reckoning with
aquifer depletion is already here. For many others it is drawing near.
Over the last four years the world's farmers have fallen further and further
behind the growth in grain demand. We must now at least ask the question:
Are the positive influences on production, such as advances in technology
and investment in land improvement, largely being offset by negative influences,
such as soil erosion, aquifer depletion, and rising temperature?
Since there has not been any growth in world grain production in eight
years, the answer to that question may be yes. If so, we will need to
move quickly to stabilize population, raise water productivity, and stabilize
climate. If future grain shortages lead to dramatic price rises, they
could destabilize governments in low-income grain-importing countries,
disrupting global economic progress. Food security could quickly become
the overriding security issue.
With most of the nearly 3 billion people who are due to be added to world
population by 2050 coming in countries where wells are already going dry,
there is an urgent need to stabilize population size as soon as possible.
Some 34 countries have already stabilized their population. It is time
for the remaining 150 countries to do so.
With water shortages spreading, we need a concerted global effort to raise
water productivity, one patterned on the highly successful effort to raise
land productivity that was launched a half century ago and that has nearly
tripled world grain yields since then.
With rising temperature now shrinking harvests, we need to get serious
about stabilizing climate, going far beyond the global goal set in the
Kyoto Protocol of a 5-percent cut in carbon emissions by 2012. Reducing
fossil fuel use is the key to stabilizing climate. It is perhaps a commentary
on the complexity of our time that decisions made in ministries of energy
may have a greater effect on food security than those made in ministries
of agriculture.
Future food security may depend not only on stabilizing population, raising
water productivity, and stabilizing climate, but on doing all these things
at wartime speed. A detailed plan to do this is presented in the new book
Plan B: Rescuing
a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble.
Copyright © 2003 Earth Policy Institute
FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
From Earth Policy Institute
Lester R. Brown, Plan B: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2003).
Lester R. Brown, Janet Larsen, and Bernie Fischlowitz-Roberts, The Earth Policy Reader (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2002).
Lester R. Brown, Eco-Economy: Building an Economy for the Earth (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2001).
Lester R. Brown, "Record Temperatures Shrinking World Grain Harvest," Eco-Economy Update, 27 August 2003.
Lester R. Brown, "World Creating Food Bubble Economy Based on the Unsustainable Use of Water," Eco-Economy Update, 13 March 2003.
Lester R. Brown, "Rising Temperatures and Falling Water
Tables Raising Food Prices," Eco-Economy
Update, 21 August 2002.
From Other Sources
U.S. Department of Agriculture, World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates, 11 September 2003.
World Bank, China: Agenda for Water Sector Strategy for North China (Washington, DC: April 2001).
LINKS
AQUASTAT, global information system of water and agriculture
from the Land and Water Development Division of the U.N. Food and Agriculture
Organization
http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/aglw/aquastat/main/index.stm
Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Surface Temperature
Analysis
http://www.giss.nasa.gov/data/update/gistemp
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
http://www.ipcc.ch
International Rice Research Institute
http://www.irri.org
International Water Management Institute
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
http://www.usda.gov